Saturday, October 29, 2011

SPM 2011 Physics Tips

Forces and motion – pulley
Forces and pressure – Pascal / Bernoulli
Heat – Specific latent heat of vaporization and fusion / Thermometer (Thermal equilibrium)
Light – Total internal reflection / apparent depth and real depth / refractive index
Wave – coherent wave / double slit / reflection of wave / electromagnetic wave
Electricity – Internal resistance
Electromagnetism – Transformer / dc and ac current / catapult field
Electronics – Semiconductor / transistor
Radioactivity – Nuclear fission/fusion, chain reaction

Thursday, October 27, 2011

SPM 2011 Sejarah Tips

Soalan 1 - Tamadun Awal di Asia Tenggara
- Kerajaan Srivijaya dan Kedah Tua
- Pengaruh Hindu dan Buddha

Soalan 2 - Pembentukan Kerajaan Islam dan Sumbangannya
- Kerajaan Bani Umaiyah dan Abbasiyah
- Pertembungan Islam

Soalan 3 - Kemunculan dan Perkembangan Nasionalisme di Asia Tenggara / Pembinaan Negara dan Bangsa
- Sistem Birokrasi
- Malayan Union

Soalan 4 - Nasionalisme di Malaysia / Malaysia dalam Kerjasama Antarabangsa
- Gerakan Islah, Akhbar dan novel
- Perang Dunia Pertama, OIC, NAM, Komanwel

Soalan 5 - Kerajaan Islam Madinah
- Piagam Madinah, Pembukaan Semula Kota Makkah

Soalan 6 - Dasar British dan Kesannya terhadap Ekonomi Negara
- Faktor Perkembangan Getah, Kedatangan Buruh Asing, Undang-undang Tanah, Dasar Pekebun

Soalan 7 - Kemunculan dan Perkembangan Nasionalisme di Asia Tenggara
- Nasionalisme Tahap 1 dan 2, Gerakan Nasionalisme, Sistem Birokrasi

Soalan 8 - Pengukuhan Negara dan Bangsa Malaysia
- Cadangan dan faktor pembentukan Malaysia, Suruhanjaya Cobbold, JAK

Soalan 9 - Pembangunan dan Perpaduan untuk Kesejahteraan
- Akta Bahasa Kebangsaan, Dasar Kebudayaan Kebangsaan, Sukan untuk Perpaduan

Monday, September 26, 2011

Semiconductors and doping

- Semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity better than an insulator but weaker than a conductor.

- At low temperature, a pure semiconductor conducts electricity very poorly and acts as an insulator.
- At higher temperature, the electrons receive more kinetic energy and vibrate faster. Thus, conductivity increases.

Doping of semiconductors
- Doping is the process known as adding small amount of impurities into crystalline lattice of semiconductor.
- This is to increase the conductivity of semiconductor.

n-type conductor
- free electrons as majority and holes as minority
- Phosphorous is added acts as pentavalent atom.
- When a pentavalent atom is added, there will be one extra electron and four complete covalent bonds. The free electron will act as charge carrier.

p-type conductor
- holes as majority and electrons as minority
- Boron acts as trivalent atom
- When trivalent atom is added, there will be one electron less and form 3 complete bonds, leaving a vacancy. The vacancy is a hole acts as charge carrier.

Diode
- A diode is an electric component that allows current to flow in only one direction.

Forward bias:
1. The anode (p-type) is connected to positive terminal and cathode (n-type) connected to negative terminal.
2. The electrons from n-type and holes from p-type drift to the p-n junction and produces a narrow depletion layer.
3. The electrons and holes combine together to ensure the flow of current.

Reverse bias:
1. The anode (p-type) connected to negative terminal and cathode (n-type) connected to positive terminal.
2. The electrons from n-type and holes from p-type pulled away from p-n junction and produces a wide depletion layer.
3. The resistant of diode is high as depletion layers widen. Hence electrical cannot flow in the circuit.

Sunday, May 15, 2011

Ciri-ciri Negara dan Bangsa dalam Kesultanan Melayu Melaka

1. Wilayah
- kawasan lingkungan pengaruh luas
- kawasan rakyat menerima dan mengakui pemerintahan raja

2. Kedaulatan
- merupakan kekuasaan tertinggi terhadap rakyat
- Kekuasaan tidak dihadkan oleh mana-mana pihak

3. Lambang negara
- merupakan simbol identiti negara
- Bahasa Melayu lambang bahasa kebangsaan dan penyatuan negara dan bangsa
- Melaka guna nobat, warna kuning, bahasa dalam

4. Keunggulan undang-undang
- terdapat undang-undang bertulis
- dipengaruhi oleh adat dan Islam
- Hukum Kanun Melaka dan Undang-undang Laut Melaka

5. Kerajaan
- Sultan menjadi pemerintah tertinggi
- Sultan dibantu oleh pembesar
- mengamalkan Sistem Pembesar Empat Lipatan

6. Rakyat
- seluruh penduduk di suatu wilayah
- taat kepada raja
- terikat pada undang-undang

Saturday, May 14, 2011

Kepentingan Piagam Madinah

- Menjadi model kerajaan Islam yang unggul
- Menjadi panduan bagi menjalankan pemerintahan yang berasaskan Islam
- Amalan riba, penipuan dan perindasan dilarang
- Orang Yahudi bebas beragama
- Keselamatan mereka terjamin
- Mereka diberi hak yang sama
- Dapat menyusun kehidupan masyarakat yang sistematik
- Membentuk masyarakat baharu berasaskan ummah
- Masyarakat terdiri daripada pelbagai agama, budaya dan keturunan dan mempunyai undang-undang yang lengkap dan sempurna
- Merangkumi peraturan berkaitan dunia dan akhirat.

SPM SEJARAH 2011 [MUST-FOCUS TOPIC]

Kemasukan buruh dari China dan India ke Tanah Melayu
Cara kedatangan:

China
Sistem Tiket Kredit
- bakal imigran dikumpulkan oleh kheh-tau
- golongan sin kheh membuat perjanjian secara lisan atau bertulis
 - hutang dibayar dengan cara bekerja dengan majikan dalam tempoh tertentu
Sistem Pengambilan Kakitangan
- majikan menghantar pengawainya ke China untuk mendapatkan buruh
- segala tambang dan perbelanjaan dibiayai oleh majikan
Sistem Pengambilan Rumah Kongsi
- pengambilan buruh dilakukan oleh pengawai di negara China
- buruh diserahkan kepada tuan punya rumah kongsi

India
Sistem Buruh Bebas
- mereka datang sendiri
- mereka bebas memilih tempat dan pekerjaan
Sistem Kontrak
- majikan membiayai tambang mereka ke Tanah Melayu
- sebagai balasan mereka bekerja dengan majikan untuk jangka masa tertentu
Sistem Kangani
- Kangani diberi lesen dan dihantar ke India untuk mencari buruh
- Kangani diberi wang pendahuluan untuk perbelanjaan buruh ke Tanah Melayu

Kesan kemasukan buruh luar
- Peningkatan jumlah imigran China dan India
- Wujud masyarakat berbilang kaum
- Perpaduan sukar dicapai
- Petempatan bebeza mengikut kaum
- Pekerjaan berbeza mengikut kaum
- Bahasa pertuturan berbeza mengikut kaum
- Perbezaan budaya dan cara hidup

Wednesday, May 11, 2011

Physics Chapter 4: Heat (Specific Heat Capacity)

Define specific heat capacity.
Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy needed to increase the temperature by 1 degree Celsius or 1 K for a mass of 1 kg of the substance.

Application of specific heat capacity
Cooling system of a car engine
The water pump will pump water into the engine block which contains hollow passages for water to flow through. This allows water to absorb heat generated from the combustion of petrol-air mixture.

The hot water then flows to the radiator where it is then cooled by air drawn in by the radiator fan through the cooling fins of the radiator. Hence, heat is lost in the process.

Water is chosen as a coolant in the engine because it has high boiling point, large specific heat capacity, cheap and easily available, does not react with the inner part of the engine.

Sea breeze
Land has a smaller heat capacity compared to the sea. During the day, the sun gives heat and rise the temperature of the land. The air above the land is heated up faster and rises upwards due to its low density.

The warm air creates a low pressure region on the land and thus cool air from the sea will move inland to fill the partial vacuum on the land.

Land breeze
Sea has larger heat capacity compared to land. During the night, sea experiences slower decrease in temperature compared to land. The air above the sea is heated up and rises upwards due to its low density.

The warm air creates a low pressure region on the sea and thus cool air from the land will move towards the sea to fill the partial vacuum on the surface of the sea.